{"id":12850,"date":"2022-09-08T15:46:27","date_gmt":"2022-09-08T13:46:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/?p=12850"},"modified":"2022-09-14T15:38:45","modified_gmt":"2022-09-14T13:38:45","slug":"promouvoir-une-extraction-responsable-du-cobalt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/?p=12850","title":{"rendered":"Promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

La massification de la vente de v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, notamment dans les pays occidentaux, m\u00e8ne \u00e0 une pression accrue sur les pays producteurs de cobalt. Parmi eux, la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC) s\u2019est impos\u00e9e comme le premier exportateur du globe, avec 70 % de la production et 50 % des r\u00e9serves mondiales. Les acteurs de la fili\u00e8re cobalt, essentielle \u00e0 la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, sont aujourd\u2019hui scrut\u00e9s et pouss\u00e9s \u00e0 se muer en \u00ab industriels responsables \u00bb, tandis que perdure \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle un mod\u00e8le d\u2019extraction artisanale peu conforme avec les standards internationaux.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En RDC, la fili\u00e8re cobalt se structure d\u2019une part autour d\u2019une myriade d\u2019acteurs locaux, parfois en marge de la l\u00e9galit\u00e9, qui g\u00e9n\u00e9reraient, selon les donn\u00e9es de la Banque mondiale, 200 000 emplois directs. Ces mines artisanales repr\u00e9sentent encore aujourd\u2019hui de 20 \u00e0 40 % de la production annuelle du pays pour environ 800 millions de dollars de revenus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La d\u00e9licate \u00e9quation mini\u00e8re congolaise<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u2019autre part, des mines industrielles, op\u00e9r\u00e9es par des entreprises souvent \u00e9trang\u00e8res, occidentales ou chinoises, ont la main sur le reste de la production. Arriv\u00e9es sur le march\u00e9 au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000, ces mines sont soumises \u00e0 des contraintes environnementales et des standards r\u00e9glementaires plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Cet \u00e9parpillement de la production reste r\u00e9cent et a suivi de pr\u00e8s les nombreux tourments politiques du pays et la chute de la G\u00e9camines, la florissante entreprise d\u2019\u00c9tat des mines qui dominait largement le march\u00e9. Dans les ann\u00e9es 1970 et 1980, la G\u00e9camines comptait ainsi 34 000 ouvriers avant de s\u2019effondrer dans le sillage du r\u00e9gime du pr\u00e9sident Mobutu Sese Seke. Avec pr\u00e8s de 400 millions d\u2019euros de taxes et imp\u00f4ts, elle repr\u00e9sentait aussi la premi\u00e8re source de revenus du pays. Un fleuron -et une fiert\u00e9- national privatis\u00e9 en 2010, qui rena\u00eet peu \u00e0 peu de ses cendres apr\u00e8s plusieurs scandales de corruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 2016, la publication d\u2019un rapport d\u2019Amnesty International,\u00a0intitul\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0Voil\u00e0 pourquoi on meurt<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, a expos\u00e9 au monde les cons\u00e9quences humaines dramatiques de l\u2019exploitation irraisonn\u00e9e du cobalt en RDC. Sans remise en \u00e9tat des sites d\u2019extraction, l\u2019impact environnemental de l\u2019exploitation du cobalt par les mines artisanales n\u2019est pas non plus anodin. Loin d\u2019\u00eatre sauvage, ce mod\u00e8le d\u2019extraction \u00ab\u00a0familial\u00a0\u00bb est pourtant partiellement r\u00e9glement\u00e9 par un Code minier, dat\u00e9 de 2002. Il est d\u2019ailleurs soumis au contr\u00f4le de la SAESSCAM, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 gouvernementale charg\u00e9e de faire respecter la r\u00e9glementation autour de l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re. Mais elle peine, faute de moyens, \u00e0 assurer ses missions de contr\u00f4le sur les quelques 800 mines artisanales du pays et se heurte parfois \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance des populations, d\u00e9pendantes de l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re pour leur survie \u00e9conomique. Au niveau international, pas question non plus de se passer de cobalt. Les applications industrielles du cobalt sont en effet essentielles dans bien des pans de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, notamment pour la fabrication des batteries des voitures \u00e9lectriques.\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0La transition (\u00e9nerg\u00e9tique) est tr\u00e8s d\u00e9pendante de min\u00e9raux dont l\u2019industrie va devoir intensifier la production. C\u2019est bien s\u00fbr une opportunit\u00e9 mais cela cr\u00e9e aussi des risques majeurs\u00a0\u00bb<\/em>,\u00a0explique Adam Mathews, en charge de la politique d\u2019investissement d\u2019un fonds de pensions responsable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En effet, dans un pays dont le taux de ch\u00f4mage des 15 \u2013 24 ans d\u00e9passe les 19 % et qui conna\u00eet un taux de pauvret\u00e9 stratosph\u00e9rique, estim\u00e9 \u00e0 75 % de la population, une interdiction pure et simple des mines artisanales serait une \u00ab\u00a0v\u00e9ritable catastrophe \u00e9conomique\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb,\u00a0selon Guillaume de Brier, chercheur au sein de l\u2019International Peace Information Service<\/em>. En r\u00e9action, les embryons d\u2019un mod\u00e8le coop\u00e9ratif se dessinent sous la houlette des pouvoirs publics, aspirant \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des synergies entre les principaux industriels et les mines artisanales pour permettre aux secondes de profiter des technologies des premi\u00e8res et de les rendre conformes aux standards internationaux.\u00a0Depuis mars 2021, ECG, une filiale de la G\u00e9camines, tente ainsi officiellement de reprendre la main sur les mines artisanales gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un d\u00e9cret lui offrant le monopole de l\u2019achat du cobalt extrait de mani\u00e8re artisanale en RDC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les poids-lourds du secteur forc\u00e9s \u00e0 se mobiliser<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Face aux critiques, les principaux acteurs du secteur impulsent peu \u00e0 peu une transition vers un mod\u00e8le plus \u00ab\u00a0responsable\u00a0\u00bb, suppos\u00e9 garantir le respect des droits humains et un moindre impact de l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re sur l\u2019environnement. En ao\u00fbt 2020, le fabricant de smartphone Fairphone a ainsi lanc\u00e9 l\u2019initiative\u00a0Fair Cobalt Alliance\u00a0(FCA) \u00ab\u00a0afin de renforcer et de professionnaliser le secteur minier artisanal du cobalt en RDC<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, en faisant de \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re artisanale et \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle (EMPAE)\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb un mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique viable et soutenable dans le domaine environnemental. Plusieurs grands acteurs du secteur ont d\u2019ailleurs rejoint la coalition, notamment le chinois CMOC, aussi membre de l\u2019Initiative pour les min\u00e9raux responsables, plus sp\u00e9cifiquement orient\u00e9e vers l\u2019extraction mini\u00e8re dans les zones de conflits et \u00e0 hauts risques s\u00e9curitaires. La FCA compte aussi dans ses rangs Tesla, Glencore mais aussi des ONG, dont\u00a0The Center for Child Rights<\/em>\u00a0and Business ou encore\u00a0Save the Children<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Plus encore, les grands op\u00e9rateurs miniers s\u2019engagent d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 avoir un impact global sur l\u2019ensemble de la communaut\u00e9 mini\u00e8re. La mine Tenke Fungurume, op\u00e9r\u00e9e par le chinois CMOC depuis 2016, s\u2019est ainsi engag\u00e9e \u00e0 respecter un ensemble de crit\u00e8res ESG, dont la construction de deux \u00e9coles, d\u2019un foyer social, la construction de plusieurs hangars pour tracteurs agricoles, la r\u00e9habilitation de pr\u00e8s de 15 kilom\u00e8tres de routes ou encore la construction d\u2019un point \u00e0 Fungurume. Des entreprises locales ont, \u00e0 chaque fois, \u00e9t\u00e9 mandat\u00e9es pour r\u00e9aliser ces travaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ambition congolaise sur toute la cha\u00eene de valeur<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour les \u00c9tats exportateurs, l\u2019autre priorit\u00e9 est de ma\u00eetriser non seulement la fili\u00e8re, mais encore ses applications industrielles pour diversifier leurs \u00e9conomies et ne plus se contenter d\u2019\u00eatre des \u00ab\u00a0(sources) de mati\u00e8re premi\u00e8res<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb et profiter des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices d\u2019une transformation domestique, plus rentable \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. La Zambie et la RDC, qui poss\u00e8dent \u00e0 elles deux 80 % des r\u00e9serves mondiales de cobalt et de lithium, ont sign\u00e9 en avril dernier un protocole d\u2019accord visant \u00e0 mettre en place \u00ab\u00a0une cha\u00eene de valeur commune pour les secteurs de la mobilit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique et de l\u2019\u00e9nergie propre<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb. La premi\u00e8re usine sera install\u00e9e \u00e0 Lubumbashi, dans la province du Haut-Katanga, c\u0153ur \u00e9conomique de l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re en RDC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AFRIK.COM via CONGO PUB Online<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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La massification de la vente de v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, notamment dans les pays occidentaux, m\u00e8ne \u00e0 une pression accrue sur les pays producteurs de cobalt. Parmi eux, la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12854,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[918,917],"class_list":["post-12850","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","tag-cobalt","tag-extraction-responsable"],"yoast_head":"\nPromouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt - Congo Pub Online<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/?p=12850\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/?p=12850\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Congo Pub Online\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/web.facebook.com\/Congopubonline\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-09-08T13:46:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-09-14T13:38:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/extraction-08-09-2022.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"842\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin9775\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CONGOPUBOnline\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CONGOPUBOnline\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin9775\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin9775\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/d2f3a940be2e9c1a0e4f8831e203f3cc\"},\"headline\":\"Promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-09-08T13:46:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-09-14T13:38:45+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850\"},\"wordCount\":1133,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/09\\\/extraction-08-09-2022.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Cobalt\",\"extraction responsable\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Economie\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/congopubonline.com\\\/?p=12850\",\"name\":\"Promouvoir une \u00ab\u00a0extraction responsable\u00a0\u00bb du Cobalt - 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