{"id":88051,"date":"2025-08-26T11:50:22","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T09:50:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/?p=88051"},"modified":"2025-08-26T11:50:35","modified_gmt":"2025-08-26T09:50:35","slug":"sadc-un-bloc-regional-de-841-milliards-de-pib-en-quete-defficacite-economique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/congopubonline.com\/?p=88051","title":{"rendered":"SADC\u00a0: un bloc r\u00e9gional de 841 milliards\u00a0$ de PIB en qu\u00eate d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Alors que la SADC multiplie les protocoles et les sommets pour promouvoir l\u2019int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale depuis 1992, la plupart des engagements restent lettre morte. La pr\u00e9sidence tournante malgache qui commence ce mois d\u2019ao\u00fbt ouvre une nouvelle s\u00e9quence, mais les contradictions structurelles de l\u2019organisation limitent ses marges de man\u0153uvre.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Apr\u00e8s un 45e sommet plac\u00e9 sous le signe de l\u2019industrialisation et de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, la Communaut\u00e9 de d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019Afrique australe (SADC) cherche \u00e0 projeter l\u2019image d\u2019un bloc plus uni. La rencontre, accueillie \u00e0 Antananarivo, s\u2019est d\u00e9roul\u00e9e sur fond de pressions ext\u00e9rieures, notamment les nouvelles surtaxes impos\u00e9es d\u00e9but avril 2025 par Washington. Plusieurs pays de la r\u00e9gion, comme Madagascar ou le Lesotho, voient leurs exportations frapp\u00e9es de surtaxes de 47 \u00e0 50 %, selon les chiffres communiqu\u00e9s par la Maison-Blanche. Mais au-del\u00e0 de ce contexte, le sommet a surtout mis en lumi\u00e8re la qu\u00eate d\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique d\u2019une organisation dont l\u2019int\u00e9gration reste encore largement inachev\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Si l\u2019on en croit une note relay\u00e9e d\u00e9but ao\u00fbt par le think tank The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA), les instruments cens\u00e9s renforcer cette int\u00e9gration et encadrer le commerce, l\u2019investissement ou la libre circulation peinent \u00e0 \u00eatre ratifi\u00e9s ou appliqu\u00e9s, laissant les \u00c9tats membres agir de mani\u00e8re dispers\u00e9e. En effet, apprend-on, vingt-sept protocoles (27) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9s depuis 1992, mais leur mise en \u0153uvre reste limit\u00e9e. Par exemple, le Protocole sur l\u2019industrie, adopt\u00e9 en 2019 pour stimuler l\u2019industrialisation, n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 ratifi\u00e9 que par six pays, selon la note. M\u00eame lorsqu\u2019ils sont ratifi\u00e9s, plusieurs protocoles restent sous-exploit\u00e9s, car les \u00ab\u00a0acteurs cens\u00e9s en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier ne sont pas toujours inform\u00e9s de leur existence ou des moyens d\u2019en tirer parti\u00a0\u00bb. <\/em>A titre d\u2019illustration, \u00ab\u00a0plus de 92\u00a0% des exportations du Mozambique \u00e9ligibles aux \u00e9changes avec les pays de la SADC n\u2019utilisaient pas le Protocole sur le commerce des biens\u00a0\u00bb,<\/em> indique l\u2019analyse, citant l\u2019European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00ab En d\u00e9pit de l\u2019accord de Zone de libre-\u00e9change (de la SADC, NDLR), de nombreux produits restent assujettis \u00e0 des droits de douane. Tous les \u00c9tats membres ne respectent pas les dispositions de la zone. La lenteur des proc\u00e9dures douani\u00e8res, l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u00e9ficient des routes et des infrastructures ferroviaires, la lourdeur logistique aux fronti\u00e8res et l\u2019inefficacit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes de valeur aggravent encore la situation \u00bb,<\/em> explique<\/a> l\u2019analyste politique Kim Heller.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette faiblesse est reconnue jusque dans les rencontres minist\u00e9rielles de l\u2019organisation. R\u00e9unis \u00e0 Harare en juin dernier<\/a>, les ministres du Commerce et de l\u2019Int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale ont de nouveau exhort\u00e9 les \u00c9tats \u00e0 ratifier les protocoles en suspens, y compris ceux sur le commerce, l\u2019industrie et les services, qui sont cens\u00e9s fournir un cadre commun pour supprimer les barri\u00e8res commerciales et coordonner les politiques industrielles. \u00ab Nous devons sortir de la logique de construction de barri\u00e8res entre nous <\/em>[\u2026]. Nous sommes tous conscients de la fragilit\u00e9 des relations commerciales mondiales, marqu\u00e9es par des actions unilat\u00e9rales, des remises en cause d\u2019engagements commerciaux et des menaces contre le multilat\u00e9ralisme. Cet environnement incertain renforce la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de b\u00e2tir notre r\u00e9silience collective \u00e0 travers la promotion du d\u00e9veloppement durable, une int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale plus pouss\u00e9e, des cha\u00eenes de valeur plus solides et un commerce accru au sein de notre propre r\u00e9gion \u00bb, <\/em>a insist\u00e9 le ministre zimbabw\u00e9en Amon Murwira, pr\u00e9sident du Conseil des ministres de la SADC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faute de cadre op\u00e9rationnel, chaque pays r\u00e9pond seul aux crises<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le manque de coordination se traduit concr\u00e8tement dans la mani\u00e8re dont les \u00c9tats r\u00e9pondent aux chocs ext\u00e9rieurs. Face aux surtaxes am\u00e9ricaines de 2025, qui affectent les exportations textiles, mini\u00e8res et agricoles de la r\u00e9gion, plusieurs pays ont choisi leur propre strat\u00e9gie. Le Zimbabwe a annonc\u00e9 la suspension unilat\u00e9rale de ses droits de douane sur les importations am\u00e9ricaines afin de prot\u00e9ger son tabac, une d\u00e9cision que l\u2019ancien ministre des Finances Tendai Biti a qualifi\u00e9e \u00ab de suicidaire, \u00e9go\u00efste et de trahison de la solidarit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale \u00bb<\/em>. Madagascar a ouvert des discussions bilat\u00e9rales avec Washington. Le Lesotho a propos\u00e9 d\u2019accorder une part dans son secteur \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique pour regagner les faveurs am\u00e9ricaines, tandis que du c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l\u2019Afrique du Sud, on \u00e9voque la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un accord commercial s\u00e9par\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Image8\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Source : GIS Report<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si ces d\u00e9marches individuelles peuvent s\u2019expliquer par les impacts divergents de la d\u00e9cision de l\u2019Oncle Sam sur chacun des pays cit\u00e9s, elles illustrent l\u2019absence d\u2019un cadre op\u00e9rationnel commun au sein de la SADC.  Malgr\u00e9 un PIB cumul\u00e9 estim\u00e9 \u00e0 841 milliards de dollars pour ses seize membres, la SADC ne parvient pas \u00e0 capitaliser sur ce poids \u00e9conomique faute d\u2019un v\u00e9ritable march\u00e9 int\u00e9gr\u00e9. Cette fragmentation limite sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 faire face aux grands partenaires commerciaux et \u00e0 n\u00e9gocier de mani\u00e8re unifi\u00e9e. \u00ab \u00c0 ce jour, le commerce intra-r\u00e9gional se situe \u00e0 un faible niveau d\u2019environ 23 %<\/strong>, ce qui signifie qu\u2019en tant qu\u2019\u00c9tats membres de la SADC, nous commer\u00e7ons davantage avec le reste du monde qu\u2019entre nous. \u00bb,<\/em> indiquait en novembre 2024 Elias Magosi, secr\u00e9taire ex\u00e9cutif de l\u2019organisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devenir un acteur r\u00e9gional plus uni et plus influent<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans un environnement marqu\u00e9 par les blocages structurels et les r\u00e9flexes nationaux, quelques signaux laissent entrevoir des perspectives plus favorables. La SADC a annonc\u00e9 d\u00e9but avril qu\u2019elle proc\u00e9dait \u00e0 une \u00e9valuation d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l\u2019impact des surtaxes am\u00e9ricaines, avec l\u2019objectif d\u2019\u00e9laborer une r\u00e9ponse collective. Si cette d\u00e9marche aboutit, elle constituerait un premier pas concret vers une meilleure coordination r\u00e9gionale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019int\u00e9gration \u00e9conomique pourrait aussi se renforcer par des dynamiques internes. L\u2019Angola vient de finaliser son offre tarifaire pour rejoindre la Zone de libre-\u00e9change de la SADC, ce qui portera \u00e0 quatorze le nombre de pays membres pleinement engag\u00e9s dans le dispositif, contre seulement douze il y a encore quelques ann\u00e9es. Il ne restera alors plus que la RDC et les Comores en marge du march\u00e9 commun.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les articulations avec d\u2019autres cadres continentaux ouvrent \u00e9galement de nouvelles perspectives, selon une analyse publi\u00e9e par le site GIS Report<\/em>. La Zlecaf, qui offre un acc\u00e8s \u00e9largi aux march\u00e9s africains, peut servir de relais pour diversifier les exportations et r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance vis-\u00e0-vis de partenaires ext\u00e9rieurs. \u00c0 Harare, le 5 juin dernier, les ministres du Commerce ont d\u2019ailleurs annonc\u00e9 l’adoption de plusieurs outils destin\u00e9s \u00e0 stimuler la coop\u00e9ration\u00a0: un scorecard sur le climat d\u2019investissement, un forum consultatif SADC-Zlecaf, et un plan d\u2019action en faveur des PME. Pour la pr\u00e9sidence tournante\u00a0malgache, le grand d\u00e9fi sera de d\u00e9montrer que la SADC peut enfin d\u00e9passer ses blocages pour devenir un acteur r\u00e9gional plus uni et plus influent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Louis-Nino Kansoun<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/span> 222<\/span> Vues<\/span><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alors que la SADC multiplie les protocoles et les sommets pour promouvoir l\u2019int\u00e9gration r\u00e9gionale depuis 1992, la plupart des engagements restent lettre morte. 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